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LONDON — The revelation of vast wealth hidden by politicians and powerful figures across the globe set off criminal investigations on at least two continents on Tuesday, forced leaders from Europe to Asia to beat back calls for their removal and claimed its first political casualty — pressuring the prime minister of Iceland to step down.

Public outrage over millions of documents leaked from a boutique Panamanian law firm — now known as the Panama Papers — wrenched attention away from wars and humanitarian crises, as harsh new light was shed on the elaborate ways wealthy people hide money in secretive shell companies and offshore tax shelters.

The repercussions have come quickly. In Iceland, Prime Minister Sigmundur David Gunnlaugsson, confronted by demands for his resignation after documents revealing that he and his wealthy wife had set up a company in the British Virgin Islands led to accusations of a conflict of interest, asked his deputy to take over on Tuesday.

In Britain, Prime Minister David Cameron faced calls for a government inquiry and accusations of bald hypocrisy by championing financial transparency — when the leaks showed that his family held undisclosed wealth in tax havens offshore.

In Pakistan, where roughly 20 percent of the population live on less than $1.25 a day, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif angrily rebuffed opposition calls to resign, defended his riches as legally acquired, and demanded that his opponents back up their allegations of wrongdoing. His daughter said on Twitter to critics: “prove or apologize.”

Officials in France, Germany, Austria and South Korea said they were beginning investigations into possible malfeasance, from money laundering to tax evasion. France’s finance minister, Michel Sapin, told Parliament the government was putting Panama back on a blacklist of havens for tax evaders.

The leaked papers cover nearly 215,000 companies and 14,153 clients of the Panamanian law firm Mossack Fonseca. Shared with reporters at 100 news media outlets working in 25 languages, the documents include politicians, celebrities, sports figures and close associates of some of the world’s most powerful people, like President Vladimir V. Putin of Russia and members of China’s ruling Politburo.

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In China, where the figures identified in the leaked papers include a brother-in-law of President Xi Jinping, the government denounced reports about them as a groundless attack. Its media censors purged mentions of Panama and blocked Internet search inquiries with that word.

And in Russia, where officials also dismissed the leaked documents as a baseless political attack on Mr. Putin, the prosecutor general’s office said Tuesday it would look into the reports that high-profile Russian individuals were beneficiaries of offshore companies.

The ripple effects from the documents extended across continents, from a West African diamond mogul to relatives of a former South Korean president and soccer celebrities in Latin America. Even the Chilean head of Transparency International, a prominent anticorruption advocacy group, was forced to step down after his name appeared in the leaked papers as an agent for offshore companies in the Bahamas.

NEWS CLIPS: EUROPE By SVT, VIA ASSOCIATED PRESS 00:36
Iceland Leader Walks Out of Interview
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Iceland Leader Walks Out of Interview
Before stepping down as Iceland’s prime minister, Sigmundur David Gunnlaugsson walked out of an interview when the topic turned to his name in the leaked Panama Papers. By SVT, VIA ASSOCIATED PRESS on Publish Date April 5, 2016. Photo by Swedish Public Service Broadcaster, via Associated Press. Watch in Times Video »
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None of the published leaks have identified American officials so far. Nor do they necessarily show evidence of crimes. But anger and reproach about the revelations have started to swell nonetheless.

“Corruption, whether private or public, is enabled by secrecy,” said John Marti, a former federal prosecutor who is a partner at the international law firm Dorsey and Whitney, based in New York. The revelations, he said, are “kind of pulling back the curtain on the secrecy that exists.”

President Obama, while not commenting directly on the leaked documents, said money shielded by tax avoidance “is a huge problem” and could be in the trillions of dollars.

“A lot of this stuff is legal, not illegal,” Mr. Obama said. “And unless the United States and other countries lead by example in closing some of these loopholes and provisions, then in many cases you can trace what’s taking place but you can’t stop it.”

Gabriel Zucman, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, and the author of “The Hidden Wealth of Nations,” said in an interview with National Public Radio that the Panamanian law firm represents a fraction of the total in riches obscured from public scrutiny.

“You know, it’s just one firm in one tax haven, and there is much more going on,” Mr. Zucman said, calculating that about 8 percent of the world’s financial wealth is held in tax havens. “So that’s about $7.6 trillion today, a huge amount of wealth.”

It was not immediately clear how Mr. Gunnlaugsson’s decision to step aside would affect Iceland, a tiny island nation of 323,000 that is still recovering from the global financial crisis eight years ago.

In a reflection of the political turmoil and maneuvering that the Panama Papers have created, the prime minister’s office issued a statement on Tuesday night saying that he had proposed stepping down in favor of his deputy “for an unspecified amount of time” — as a sort of indefinite leave of absence — and not a formal resignation. It was unclear whether Mr. Gunnlaugsson, who would remain leader of his party, would succeed in his effort to avoid a forma...

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